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Comparative Analysis of Matrix CCD and Linear CCD Sensor
In 1969, the Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) technology was first developed by Bell Research Laboratories in the United States. Early CCD designs were linear, and their image quality was limited. By the 1980s, despite initial flaws, high-resolution and high-quality CCDs began to emerge due to ongoing research and technological breakthroughs. The 1990s marked a significant milestone with the introduction of megapixel-grade CCDs, which accelerated the development of CCD technology. Over two decades later, in 2000, CCD technology advanced rapidly, with smaller unit areas becoming possible. Kodak introduced the world's first matrix CCD, although large-area matrix CCDs remained challenging to manufacture due to complex processes. In 2008, a true-color matrix CCD was used for the first time in aviation, marking a major milestone in CCD development. This led to the creation of a full-color, large-scale matrix CCD, though its manufacturing process was still expensive and mainly confined to aerospace and industrial applications.
Due to the affordability of linear CCDs, the highest resolution linear CCD scanners currently cost around 1000 yuan per bar, making them popular among many scanner brands like Avision, Contex, Cruse, Epson, Fujitsu, Plustek, and others. These models typically rely on traditional linear CCD technology. In contrast, matrix CCD-based scanners are mostly found in high-end, non-contact book and ancient document scanners.
Today, matrix CCDs in scanners are primarily divided into three types: small-area matrix CCDs, RGB monochrome matrix CCDs, and full-width true color matrix CCDs. Small-area matrix CCDs require multiple scans and software stitching, resulting in higher error rates and are generally used in low-end book scanners. RGB monochrome matrix CCDs require multiple scans to capture full color, leading to slower speeds and are often used in budget-friendly models. Full-width true color matrix CCDs, however, offer point-to-point scanning, fast processing (as quick as 0.3 seconds), and high image accuracy, making them ideal for high-end non-contact scanning devices like the German book2net series.
As aerospace-grade CCDs become more accessible, industrial-scale full-frame true color matrix CCDs are now being used in scanners. This design significantly boosts scanning speed—A2 400dpi color scans can be completed in just 0.3 seconds, three times faster than traditional linear or RGB matrix scanners. The one-time, point-to-point scanning method ensures better image restoration with zero distortion. It also eliminates the need for multiple scans, reducing mechanical wear and light pollution, which is especially important when digitizing rare and delicate materials. Matrix CCDs have a lifespan of over 300 million pages, making them highly suitable for large-scale digitization projects involving ancient texts.
Traditional linear CCD scanners work by moving white light across a document line by line, capturing RGB data through a linear sensor. The image passes through a lens system and is then captured by the sensor. The light source and CCD move together, creating an image that is processed and stitched together. While this method is well-established, it involves mechanical movement that can lead to image distortion and water ripple effects. In environments with high dust levels, such as archives, this can cause further issues. Linear CCDs also pose risks to fragile documents and may cause eye strain for operators. Most manufacturers use smaller-sized linear CCDs to keep costs down, while larger formats often require multiple CCDs, increasing the risk of alignment errors.
Matrix CCD sensors, on the other hand, use a planar arrangement of tiny pixels to capture images in a single, full-color scan. Aerospace-grade true color matrix CCDs convert optical signals from each pixel into electrical signals instantly, allowing for high-speed, high-accuracy scans. A full-color A2 image at 600 dpi can be captured in just 0.3 seconds. The color filter ensures high saturation, and the entire image is collected in one shot, resulting in superior color reproduction. Larger pixel sizes, such as 10μm × 10μm, help reduce noise and improve image quality.
The diagram below illustrates how a matrix CCD sensor works. As CCD technology continues to evolve, the production cost of true color matrix CCDs is expected to decrease. This will likely lead to their widespread adoption in civilian-grade scanners, offering even better image quality and more efficient scanning solutions. The future of digital scanning looks brighter than ever.