For the shipbuilding industry, 3D printing can be regarded as a very new technology. For the moment, there are not many practical applications, but it can be confirmed that 3D printing technology is a component of manufacturing and the development of this technology. It will inevitably have an important impact on the shipbuilding industry, not only in the design and manufacturing stage, but also in the operational stage. Although it is not very obvious at present, relevant parties have begun to pay attention to this. 3D printing in the field of marine applications Judging from the advantages and disadvantages of the above 3D printing, this technology has a good development prospect in the field of ships, and the applicable range is also large. For example, models for verification and improved design are produced at the ship design stage; manufacture of small-volume, custom-made marine ancillary products; supply of spare parts during operation; ship-borne drones, unmanned boats, and even dinghy manufacturing . The following is a list of some practical applications of 3D printing technology in the field of ships and the attitudes and views of relevant parties on this new technology. Maersk's 3D printing spare parts supply chain A few years ago, Maersk Tanker was already catching up with the trend, trying to use the new technology of 3D printing to revolutionize its ship spare parts supply chain. According to the company's sources, dealing with equipment failures is a common challenge for crew members, and the focus is on how to get the parts from the land to the ship as quickly as possible. According to the traditional method, it is first necessary to determine what parts are needed, then transport them to the next port to be passed by the ship, and finally rent a small boat to deliver the required parts to the ship. The reason why the boat is to be rented is because it is generally prohibited from entering the main area of ​​the port in view of the danger of the cargo of the tanker. In addition to these steps, in fact, tankers often fail to arrive on time, which makes the transportation of parts more complicated. Two-thirds of Maersk’s tankers operate in a spot-trading mode, so after the customer rents a boat, they will not know where to unload each time, perhaps from any port between Venezuela and Houston. Certainty also brings some trouble to the delivery of spare parts. From a cost perspective, counting the cost of storage, packaging, air transportation to ports, customs clearance, and chartering, the cost of shipping only one part to the ship is as high as $5,000. In addition, a series of transportation processes will also generate a lot of exhaust emissions, which is not conducive to environmental protection. In general, we can summarize the disadvantages of the traditional transport of spare parts to the ship as the complexity of the operation process; there will be no low cost; it will have no small impact on the environment, and extend the navigation time of the ship. Generally speaking, emerging technologies mean that there are still many unknowns, but although it is not known how much 3D printing technology can be used on board, even if only a small number of parts can be printed, it will cost the supply chain. Bring no small impact. If 3D printing is used on board, it will save a series of costs such as packaging and transportation, and it will be more environmentally friendly. So, Maersk decided to install a 3d printer on one of its tankers so that the crew could "print" the parts they needed. Regrettably, this attempt was silently put aside, and Maersk Tanker did not update the progress report. There are reports that the company may prefer to use 3D printers on shore instead of on board, which will at least shorten the delivery time of spare parts, provided that these spare parts can be printed. Application in the field of engine manufacturing Since 3D printing is now able to use metal materials, some of the world's leading large companies have also become interested in this, in order to increase production speed and lower cost (relative to machining and molding parts) More complex, lighter parts. Of course, the application of new technologies generally needs to go through a stage of development, integration, and adaptation before they will be on the right track. In the early stage, there will be many problems, such as the permission of spare parts suppliers. Maersk's plan is to jointly develop 3D printing technology with joint manufacturers, which will not only avoid some legal disputes, but also make the quality of printed spare parts more reliable. Mann Diesel and Turbo, which provide engine parts for it, are very interested in this and think it is a good time to miss. However, Mann said that the rapid production of samples and higher design freedom is undoubtedly the biggest advantage of the current 3D printing technology, but for the continuous production of simple parts, this technology is not applicable. At the same time, because plastics account for a relatively low proportion of engine materials, and the current use of metal materials for 3D printing is relatively slow, so although Mann has a strong interest in the use of metal materials for 3D printing, but also recognizes the speed of work Slow will offset the advantages of this technology. In addition, 3D printers that support metal materials are currently more expensive and have higher acquisition costs. In addition to Mann, other engine manufacturers are also cautiously optimistic about 3D printing. Such as MTU and Wärtsilä, the two world-renowned engine manufacturers have said that they have not used 3D printing technology. However, the two companies are likely to take Mann's cooperation route and keep a close eye on the development of 3D printing technology. Although 3D printing technology is currently not suitable for direct use in the manufacture of engine components, there are other variations and practical applications, such as printing complex casting molds to produce metal castings for engines. Direct printing of metal parts is a difficult problem to be solved in the next stage, which saves the entire casting process, knowing that the casting process is not only costly, but also certainly not as accurate as 3D printing. 3D printing boat model In addition to onboard, the use of 3D printing technology on the shore is also increasing, such as the manufacture of ship models for conventional pool testing and aerodynamics testing. In the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) in Cardlock, USA, a team has successfully produced a large-scale, complex US Navy Hospital Ship (T-AH 20) model using 3D printing technology. Test the wind flow on the ship to improve the safety of the helicopter operation. The boat model is not only well-made, but also significantly faster than the manual method, because the printer can work 24 hours a day. According to team engineers, 3D printing technology has made them even more powerful in shipbuilding, giving them unprecedented capabilities to deliver faster, more accurate and lower cost ship models. However, the 3D printing ship model is not an easy task. In addition to the appearance structure, engineers also need to use the expertise of dynamics, gas, mechanical, electrical engineering to process every detail of the model to meet the standard requirements. . 3D printing propeller At the beginning of 2016, two foreign makers tried to make marine propellers with 3D printers, which is a good start for 3D printing in the field of propeller manufacturing. In order to allow the propeller to withstand the powerful thrust of the engine and the high-salt marine environment, they tested four materials: ABS, wood/PLA, polycarbonate and carbon fiber PLA. First, the appearance of the propeller was obtained by three-dimensional scanning, and then the internal design was carried out by means of CAD software, and finally the propellers of four materials were printed. Surprisingly, the carbon fiber PLA, which claims to be stronger than the metal, failed to pass the onshore test. The propellers printed by ABS and polycarbonate performed well, and the performance of the wooden/PLA propeller (painted) exceeded. Expected, very perfect. In the actual ship test, the ABS propeller was slightly cracked; while the wooden/PLA propeller failed to pass this round of testing and ruptured directly under the propulsion of the motor. Polycarbonate performs very well, not only to withstand the powerful thrust of the motor, but also to preserve it in harsh boating environments. Although the propeller power of this 3D printing is only 15 hp, it shows the importance of material selection. It is not suitable for the higher the material strength. Only after thorough testing can we find the most suitable one. 3D printed propeller US Navy's 3D printer application At present, some ships of the US Navy have been equipped with 3D printers. Currently, they are mainly used to print small parts such as oil caps and drain plugs, and are planning to expand the scope of application. The advantage of this is that it significantly reduces the amount of spare parts on board. In April 2014, the US Navy installed a 3D printer on the "Essex" amphibious assault ship. At first, the crew was only required to print some of the required parts. Currently, a 3D printing drone project is being carried out to test the effects of custom drones performing special tasks. Responsible for the implementation of the project is a researcher from the Naval Postgraduate School. The research content is whether modern communication technology and assembly technology can be combined to form a corresponding unmanned person for the crew to perform various tasks. machine. The basic idea of ​​the project is that the research institutes on land design the corresponding drones according to their needs, and then transmit them to the ship's 3D printer for the printing of the drone's body. After the printing is completed, the crew assembles according to the instructions, assembles the plastic parts and the electronic components prepared in advance on the ship, and completes the manufacture of a drone. The components that are prepared include an engine, a wireless communication device, a controller, and a GPS device. In this way, the ship only needs to carry a small number of UAV general electronic components, and can design different UAV bodies according to different tasks to configure different components. For example, in December last year, the "Essex" was 3D printed a drone for anti-terrorism operations. The drone was designed to carry a transmitter and a miniature camera to transmit real-time video to The crew wears a head-mounted display. In this way, it can also be applied to merchant ships that lead to dangerous sea areas. 3D printing drone made on "Essex" In addition to the Navy, the US Coast Guard is also evaluating the practical application of 3D printing on board. In the summer of 2015, the Coast Guard's "Cutter Healy" icebreaker installed a MakerBot fifth-generation 3D printer and set off for a three-week scientific expedition to the North Pole. During the inspection, this 3D printer has been in a busy state, solving many seemingly small but very troublesome problems, which can be described as a big skill. For example, after leaving Hong Kong, the dishwashers that cleaned more than 70 sets of dishes every day were broken, so that they had to use paper plates and cups, and they were still limited in supply, which made the crew's dining experience greatly reduced. Fortunately, the 3D printer on board quickly printed out the parts to repair the dishwasher. Since then, the crew have used 3D printing to solve their technical problems, so this 3D printer has become a qualified handyman, such as helping to install a Go Pro camera on a large air balloon, and for a certain suffering Tortured crew 3D printed fit insoles, and even some entertainment items. Related engineers hope to use multiple different types of printers at the same time in the future, so that they can meet more different needs. British Navy's 3D printing technology application Five years ago, the University of Southampton announced the successful design and release of the world's first 3D printing drone "SULSA" with a wingspan of 1.5 meters and propeller drive. After a series of improvements, in mid-2015, the 3D printing drone was tested on the British Royal Navy's "River" class patrol boat "Mersey" on the coast of Dorset. However, unlike the United States, real-time 3D printing of drones on board ships, currently SULSA is 3D printing on land and then assembled on board. At present, the four main parts of SULSA are made of plastic or metal structure using EOS EOSINT P730 nylon laser sintering printer. There is no fastener between all components, and they are connected together by “snap-fastening†technology, so it can be completed in a few minutes. All assembly work and no tools required. The SULSA weighs only 3kg and is launched from a 3-meter-long catapult. It is equipped with an autopilot and has a maximum speed of about 161km/h. Due to the high cost of traditional ship-borne drones, a small operational error or component problem can cause millions of pounds to sink into the sea. The cost of SULSA is only 7,000 pounds. Although it can only fly for about 40 minutes, it can withstand tasks such as monitoring pirates and smuggling, even if the loss is affordable. This sea trial is basically to evaluate how "one-off" drones can be used in military and rescue operations. The use of such a 3D printing drone not only reduces costs, but also allows for "private customization" depending on the nature of the task. SULSA undergoing sea trial In 2016, SULSA officially put into practical use to explore the best route for the ship's Antarctic reconnaissance route for the Royal Navy's “Protector†icebreaker. Each time SULSA performs the mission, it takes about 30 minutes and the flight speed is about 96km/h. Although the aircraft is equipped with an autopilot, in this mission the crew will still remotely control the SULSA through the laptop, returning to the real-time picture taken by the onboard camera, and can also recycle and reuse. Icebreaker crew is recycling SULSA The British side said that within five years, naval ships will be equipped with multi-material 3D printers capable of printing drones like SULSA, and each drone will be tailored to specific tasks. It is also reported that there is a project called "Dreadnought 2050" in the "Star Point" project in the UK, which mentions that in 2050, the British ship's hull will use an acrylic material that can become translucent. Provides a full range of vision, and will also be equipped with 3D printers for laser and electromagnetic weapons and even drones. other apps In addition to some of the above applications, 3D printing technology has many other practical applications in the marine sector. For example, Singapore Tru-Marine uses 3D printing to quickly repair and manufacture turbocharger components, and Rotterdam will build a 3D printing center to quickly repair inbound ships. 3D printing water jet propulsion dinghy model (all parts except electronic equipment and batteries), etc. In addition, in order to enhance people's confidence in 3D printing and eliminate doubts about the quality of 3D printing products, Lloyd's Register of Shipping has released the global certification standard for 3D printing on January 7, 2016. 3D printed spray boat model and spray parts It can be seen from these cases that the advantages of high precision, high degree of freedom, material saving, convenient molding, economic and environmental protection of 3D printing technology are not attractive to the shipbuilding industry, and have been designed, constructed, and Operation, maintenance and other stages have had an impact.
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