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I. Classification of periodicals
International journals can be roughly classified into the following categories:
Popular journals: usually refer to various journals with popular content, wide readership, and large sales volume, including comprehensive journals, news journals, women's journals, literary journals, review journals, and popular journals in various industry journals.
Academic journals: refer to journals that exclusively publish academic papers, research results, and academic dynamic content. It is usually named after "Journal", "Notification", "Conference", "Association", "Journal", "Meeting Journal", etc. It is an integral part of professional periodicals.
Industry periodical: refers to a journal that specifically publishes professional information, research results, and development trends in various industries such as industry, agriculture, military, education, and business, and is an integral part of professional journals.
Information periodical: refers to a journal that is published exclusively for scientific research personnel, experts, and scholars, and is used in various disciplines, professional abstracts, abstract index of abstracts, bibliographic references, literature cumulative index, recent progress, recent periodical titles, etc. "," "index", "bibliography", "recent progress", "Express", "communique" and other names.
According to the distribution, there are also consumer magazines for the general public and business journals that provide business information to enterprises. Among them, consumer journals accounted for about 37% of the total, and commercial journals were about 48%. The following is the statistics of the major publishing countries published by the International Journals Union in 1999:
The total number of consumer business categories in the country The total number of consumer business categories in the United States 9478 5229 14707 Sweden 177 315 ​​492
United Kingdom 3174 5714 8887 Italy 863 877 1740
China - - 187 Denmark 83 336 419
Germany 2012 3490 5502 Israel 87 296 383
Netherlands 161 4570 4731 Malaysia 192 47 239
Japan 2457 1792 4249 Thailand - - 216
Poland 2126 967 3093 Korea 756 1138 1894
France 1250 1667 2917 Mexico - - 1500
Austria 61 2800 2861 Canada 715 443 1158
Spain 284 2413 2697 Australia 630 - 630
Finland 329 2098 2427 New Zealand 290 390 680
Second, the issue of periodicals
The issuance of journals is mainly: subscription mailing and retailing. In terms of sales, in 1999, China and the United States relied more on readers' subscriptions, which accounted for about 80% of the total, while 98% of Argentina depended on retail sales. In addition, consumer magazines such as Britain, Spain, Australia, South Africa, Mexico, Japan, Italy, Hungary, France, etc., rely mainly on retail sales. Business and professional/industry journals are basically subscription-based, such as the United Kingdom, Spain, France, and Sweden; in Poland, consumer magazine subscriptions and retail sales in 1998 were comparable, while 92% of commercial categories were achieved through retail sales.
Third, journal income
The journal’s profits come from advertising and sales revenue. Business and professional/industry journals rely more on advertising revenue. This is true in all countries except for varying degrees. This is in line with the facts. Such journals have poor personal purchasing power, but they have considerable expertise and depth. They are issued to the industry, and the profitability of advertisements is very strong. In 1997, advertising revenue from Canadian journals accounted for 86% of total revenue. By 1998, Danish advertising revenue accounted for 94.1% of total revenue. In the same year, France and Hungary accounted for 53.5% and 69%, respectively. By 1999, the United Kingdom, Austria, and the Czech Republic were 82%, 80%, and 63%, respectively. The consumer journals have different situations in different countries. The United States, Germany, Canada and other countries have more advertising revenues, while the United Kingdom, Australia, Sweden, Spain and other countries accounted for the bulk of sales revenue.
From the point of view of the journal's advertising revenues, overall, the revenue from advertising fees for journals of various countries in the 1990s has increased year by year, showing a steady increase. There is a wide gap between countries, ranging from 100,000 to 10 billion. Several periodicals publish large countries and their investment in journal advertisements is measured in billions. For example, in the United States, Britain, Japan, Germany, and France, advertising revenues in 1999 were 15.593 billion, 2.644 billion, 3.672 billion, respectively. , 4.709 billion, 2.356 billion; China from 1.1 million in 1990 to 189 million in 2002, a large increase, which is closely related to the prosperity of the journal since the late 90s of China. From the perspective of the share of advertising expenditure journals in various countries, Belarus’s advertising expenditure journals accounted for the highest share of approximately 60 percent (1992) in more than 60 countries, and declined in the following years, but worldwide. It appears that it is still high and maintains a level of 50-60%. Then there was India. From 1990 to 2002, the overall advertising costs of its newspapers and periodicals accounted for an average of 60%. From the 1990s to the beginning of the 21st century, all countries have changed but lacked regularity. Generally, it can be seen that the share of advertising in most national journals is declining, with the highest level at around 30% - Vietnam, and the lowest is Qatar. Its 1998 In 1999, it was 0.1%, and the world average was about 10%. In the United States, Britain, Holland, Japan, Germany, France, and China, the average of these years was 11.7%, 16.5%, and 26. 2%, 9.9%, 24.2%, 22.9%, 2.8%.
Fourth, journal tax
The taxation of journals has different policies in different countries. The main taxes are GST, VAT, consumption tax, and sales tax.
The Middle East and Africa are exempt from taxes, except for South Africa which levy 14% of value-added tax.
In the Asia-Pacific region, Japan expropriates 5% of consumption tax, US VAT is 0, and Canada’s goods and service tax is 7%.
Latin American Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay have VAT of 13%, 18%, 10%, 18%, and 23%, respectively.
The vast majority of countries in Europe levy value-added tax, with a maximum of 25% for Denmark and Sweden; EU member states, with the exception of the UK exempting value-added tax, levy between 4 and 25%, and countries also vary according to the circumstances of the publications, such as Juvenile harmful or pornographic publications adopt methods such as raising the VAT rate or increasing taxes, as well as corresponding tariffs and additional import taxes. Some countries in Eastern Europe also sell sharp or additional cultural taxes.
Fifth, the top ten journal circulation and the top ten journal publishers
According to the number of periodicals issued per issue, the top ten world magazines are: Reader's Digest (United States), 12.962 million copies; Television Guide (United States), 11.462 million copies; National Geographic (United States), 856.6%. Shares; Beautiful Houses and Gardens (United States), 7.606 million copies; Family World (USA), 5.03 million copies; Good Housekeeper (United States), 4.588 million copies; Women's Family Journal (USA), 4.513 million copies. ; McCall, s (United States), 4.206 million copies; times (United States, 4.103 million copies; readers (China), 3.85 million copies.
Publishers of general journals are also publishers of books. It is difficult to strictly distinguish how many sales are journals and how many are books. Therefore, the world’s top ten journals were ranked according to their total sales: British Pearson Group, USD 5.792 billion, 24,688; UK’s Reed Elsevier Group, USD 5.624 billion, 28,900; UK IPC Group , 5.283 billion, 1898; American Times Corporation, 4.645 billion US dollars; the Netherlands Walters Krewwell Group, 3.45 billion US dollars, 19009 people; the United States IDG Group, 3.1 billion US dollars, 13400 people; Media companies, $2.953 billion, 13,459; Germany's Grunner Jahr Group, $2.7943 billion, 12130; US Reader's Digest, $2.518 billion, 5,000; France's Hachette Group, $2.2966 billion, 8584 people.
World Journal Publishing Overview
How many journals in the world are difficult to count. Because the world’s periodicals ceased publication and were newly established. The book "1997-1998" of the Uhrich International Journals Guide edited and published by American Bowk Publishing Company stated that the book contains about 160,000 kinds of regular and indefinite periodicals published by various countries in the world, but many of these publications have been discontinued. . According to statistics published by the International Federation of the Periodical Press (FIPP) on the major publishing countries of 66 journals worldwide, the number of world journals published in 1999 was nearly 100,000. Among them, there are more than 10,000 kinds of US journals, and the total number of journals published by the top six US, UK, China, Germany, the Netherlands, and Japan accounted for 46.3% of the global journal market. The total advertising revenue exceeds 50 billion U.S. dollars.